INTRODUCTION
The Union Ministry of Statics and Programme Implementation has release report on Annual Report (2018-2019)and Quarterly Bulletin Ending(June 2019)on Periodic Labour Force Survey. National Statistical Office (NSO) conducted Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) from July 2018-June 2019,and released report on 4th June 2020.The objective is to develop the survey methodology including the sample design for generating monthly/quarterly labour market data, first report of the PLFS was published in June 2019 for the period of 2017-2018 by the NSO &the MOSPI.Since April 2017 NSO conducting PLFS for more data related to availability of labour force. The report cover both rural & urban areas. This is the second report of PLSR.The PLSR report provides various indicators in rural and urban places. Survey conducted many activities in aspect of employment & unemployment with different parameters like age, gender.etc.Survey conducted in the guidance of SLES and NSC Best advocate in Jaipur .
SAILENT FEATURES
- Report is classified in Three chapters and four Appendices. First Chapter covers Introduction Part, Second Chapter covers Concepts and definations and third chapter covers summary of findings. Report is explain each and every part of survey. The report presented in form of Table and Statements and the figures are in rounded off.
- The Annual Report of PLFS are generated from the four quarters of the survey period of 2018 to 2019.The report is based upon survey conducted by NSO and covered the whole India Union(except villages in Andaman & Nicobar Islands) .
- The rotational panel scheme opted and urban areas households visited four times throughout the year. The sample size for first visit during July-2018-June 2019 in both areas were 12,800 numbers from which 12,720 covered at all India level.
- The total number spread of this survey was 12.720 whereas 6,983 in rural areas and 5,737 in urban areas which cover nearly lacs of households and 4.20.757 individuals. In Household there were source of income different 51.7% of rural members are self employment and casual labour was 25.1%.Regular wage/salary earning was 13.1% according to report.
- By adopted two approaches of labour market operations which is usual status approach and current weekly status approach in the survey for division of population.
- The key results of the PLFS Report is classified in different Parts which are
Household and population
Labour Force in usual status
Workforce (Divided into other five sub-parts
Earnings from employment, hours worked and hours available for additional work (Divided into other three sub-parts)
Unemployment rate in usual status
POLICIES REGARDING THAT
- The Indian Government have come up with many different programme and policies to create and offer more employment opportunities .The recent programme taken by government is
- ATMA NIRBHAR BHARAT ABHIYAN (self-reliant India Mission) worth Rupees twenty lakh crores and based upon economy, infrastratucre, system, vibrant demography and demand. And also this policy promotes local products.
- PRADHAN MANTRI STREET VENDOR’S ATMA NIRBHAR NIDHI (PM SVANidhi) for providing loan to street entrepreneurs. Shopkeepers can grant working capital of Rupees up to ten thousand without collateral (security).
- Government has given forty thousand crore as an additional fund to MGNREGA.
- PM-KISAN Scheme, government provided Rs.1.70 lakh crore package to overcome from difficulties occurred during COVID-19.
- JAWAHAR ROZGAR YOJANA
- PRADAHAN MANTRI KISAN PENSION YOJANA
- MEGA PENSION SCHEME
- MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT 2005,it guarantees to provide job at least hundred person a day
- NATIONAL CAREER SERVICE SCHEME is an online portal which provides information related to jobs opportunities.
- NATIONAL RURAL EMPLYMENT PROGRAMME is help in equality so rural people also get equal opportunities across nation.
- DEEN DAYAL ANTYODAYA YOJANA is help people who are below poverty line, it is implemented by Ministry of Rural development.
- Various other initiative taken by government to provide more opportunities to unemployed people like some relaxation to Companies Act and reforms in agriculture markets,etc.
- State government also participated and support economy system of India by offering some schemes like ReStart programme to support (MSME) and Jharkhand launched three employment schemes.
Critical Analysis
There is some changes in both the PLFS reports in factor of employment and unemployment. The indicators are LFR(Labour Force Participation Rate),WPR(Worker Population Ratio),UR(Unemployment Rate).LFR increased from 36.9%(2017-2018) to 37.5%(2018-2019).WPR increase from 34.7% to 35.3% UR decreases from 6.1% to 5.8%.there is a decline number of participation in work and unemployment rate decreases. There is also female participation is more than the last report. But it is important to understand the causes of unemployment as well. Slow economic growth and slow growth of industrialization,illiteracy,lack of education, lack of knowledge, Physical problems,inequalit,financial crisis, global recession, high interest rate,etc.So these are some causes of unemployment in India. So the plan of PLFS to understand and to provide a data of employment and unemployment in india.As per the annual report for 2017-18,published in June 2019,the unemployment rate for urban female the highest in the country while that the rural female is the lowest. The literacy rate among persons of age 7 & above during both the reports of PLFS are in(2018-19)in male 85.0%,in female 70.9% and in (2017-18) in male,83.9,in female 69.6 so there is a growth rate in literacy rate whereas there is a different rate in urban and rural areas of 2018-19 that is in urban it is 82.6% and in rural 65.7% so there is a huge difference between literacy rate among urban and rural females. So according to this the gender discrimination also decreased but still because of lack of education rural female find more difficulties in grabbing opportunities. In view of this report we clearly understand that it is important to reduce the causes of unemployment, government providing many policies but because of over population and lack of knowledge people are getting difficulties for work. Now the more difficulties will going to face by people as because of COVID-19 the economic rate falls and the employment opportunities will be limited.
CONCLUSION
The Union Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation had constituted PLFS under the chairmanship of Amitabh Kundu.The data was collected by NSSO from July 2018 to June 2019.The Survey was spread over 12720 first stage sampling units(6,983 villages and 5,737 urban blocks)covering 1,01,579 households(55,812 rural areas and 45,767 in urban areas)& enumerating 4,20,757 persons(2,39,817 in rural areas and 1,80,940 in urban areas).According to this report,UR(Unemployed rate) in India was 5.8%.It was 5.6% among males and 3.5 in females in rural areas whereas in 7.1% in males and 9.9 among females of urban areas. When we compare both reports there some changes in second report in respect of labour participation and Unemployed rate.PLFS report is for to get the information about employment and unemployment in quarterly and annually basis.
LAWS REGARDING LYNCHING IN INDIA
Lynching Problem in India
Lynching means premeditated extrajudicial killing by a group. There are many reasons for lynching in India mainly are Political, Religious, Idealogical, Personal, Fake News, Modernity and Regional. There have been numerous cases of lynching’s in relation to cow vigilante violence in India since 2014,involving mobs lynching Indian Muslim and Dalits.Some notable examples of such attacks including on 16thApril 2020,two sadhus( Kalprvrush Giri)(Sushil Giri) and their driver(Nilesh Telgade) were attacked by mob and lynched brutally. They were travelling in a car from Kandivili(Western Mumbai) to Silvassa to attend a funeral of one of their known. Because of Lockdown they were using smaller lanes passing through village as highway roads had been sealed. Three men killed by mob of at least 110 people, they were repeatedly asking for help while they were lynched in the presence of policemen in Palghar village. The 2015 Dadri mob lynching, the Jharkhand mob lynching 2016,the Alwar mob lynching, and the Tabez Ansari Lynching. Some highlighted cases of Mob lynching are Bengal Madras Teacher claims pushed off train for not saying Jai Shree Ram. Muslim inmate in Tihar alleges ‘OM’ tattoo drawn on his back. Mob lynches villager for allegedly cutting dead bull in Jharkhand’s Gumla.The Ansari case was highlighted when 22-year-old boy beaten by mob who apparently thought he was a theif,and forced to chan ‘Jai shree ram’ and Jai hanuman on June 18 2019.He dies days later. In the Alwar mob lynching Pehlu Khan was murdered by a group. Lynching has become so common in India .Recently Rituparna pegu was lynched to death due to an argument on the issue of a ‘Chair’ in Guwahati by group of five muslims.On June 10, 2020 the 20 years old Dalit youth, Viraj Vilas Jagtap was brutally killed by the relatives of his girlfriend who belonged to the upper class.
Legal Provisions Involved
After the Supreme Court guideline. Manipur was the First State to pass an act against lynching in 2018 West Bengal and Rajasthan followed the trail. SC issued some guidelines to curb lynching which are as followed-
- There should be a Senior Police Officer in each and every district where mob lynching can be done.
- State Governments identify the places where mob lynching done in past few years.
- Office-in-charge of the stations of identified areas should take more precautions and actions to that place.
- Nodal officer should take actions to prevent the spread of fake news through social media which can create such incidents.
- Nodal Officer shall bring to the notice to DGP and the strategy to tackle mob lynching in district.
- The government should broadcast on radio and other media platforms that mob lynching will lead to serious consequences.
- FIR should be register under section 153A of the IPC.
- There should be specifically designated court in each district to deal with such incidents.
- Departmental action must be taken against cops who fail to act or negligent or misconduct about the incidents.
- To prepare a lynching victim or victims family compensation scheme.
- Centre shall issue some appropriate steps to the states on the situation and such actionable measures should be taken.
Manipur followed the guidelines of Supreme Court and pass a bill. Manipur law provisions consist the demotion of mob lynching, nodal officer, compensation, punishment of police officer,etc.The Law clearly lays down the duty of government and make arrangements for the protection of victims and their relatives..West Bengal law is more powerful and strict as it provides the punishment for lynching to death, shall be punishable with death penalty or imprisonment or fine upto five lakh.There are some other steps and campaign taken so far “Ek Bharat shreshta bharat”,”NOT IN MY NAME” campaign, “National Campaign Against Mob Lynching”(NCAMI) also known as MASUKA,short form of Manav Suraksha Kanoon.. The Protection from Lynching Act 2017 provides effective protection of the rights of persons and to punish acts of lynching, it is drafted by NCAML.
Scope of Improvement
There has been increasing number of cases of lynching all over India. Article 15 of the India Constitution prohibits the state and citizens from discriminating against any citizen of the country on the grounds of religion, caste, sex, or place of birth. But in mob lynching cases victims were mostly on the basis of religion. So it also violates the fundamental right like right to life, right to equality, right freely profess, practice and propagate religion and so on. This isn’t limited to the tensions between these two religions but also entraps people of other hues. There should be a strict laws for mob lynching as the cases are increasing day by day in India. Government should award penalties on Public servants if they fail to do investigation properly, every state should strictly follow the guidelines of Supreme Court, every state enforce the laws for taking preemptive action, action against doctor as in mob lynching cases doctors also refuse to do their part, local administration should deal with the suspicion in the local communities, strict actions for those who spread fake news, and other which authority think to do so.
Critical Analysis
No religion teaches hate. It should actually look at mob lynching as a serious crime in India. As it also violates the provision of constitution of India. We shouldn’t forget that mob lynching is harming the polity entirely.Unfortunetly government and public of India don’t take it mob lynching seriously. Loss to mankind and humanity for each other rather than a solution to such noxious acts. It is also important to understand the tolerance and individual duties as citizens. Our constitution provide free secular and liberal nation. Life of every citizen holds supremacy to which they are obliged to work for a better tomorrow. The communal hate has been spread so much that it might take decades to fix it. Issuing of caste certificates itself not creating a distinction between communal.
Conclusion
The crowd is of their perception so they lost their faith in judiciary and police administration. There are no any strict laws against mob lynching as it is also difficult to know the culprit’s there should be some provision related to lynching.SC has given the guidelines to prevent and spread of mob lynching but state still working upon them. People of India should have faith in law and order and government must take actions so people cant take law in their hand.